MD. Measurement and Data
K.MD. Kindergarten - Measurement and Data
K.MD.A. Describe and compare measurable attributes.
K.MD.A.1. Describe measurable attributes of objects, such as length or weight. Describe several measurable attributes of a single object.
K.MD.A.2. Directly compare two objects with a measurable attribute in common, to see which object has “more of”/“less of” the attribute, and describe the difference. For example, directly compare the heights of two children and describe one child as taller/shorter.
K.MD.B. Classify objects and count the number of objects in each category.
K.MD.B.3. Classify objects into given categories; count the numbers of objects in each category and sort the categories by count.Limit category counts to be less than or equal to 10.
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1.MD. Grade 1 - Measurement and Data
1.MD.A. Measure lengths indirectly and by iterating length units.
1.MD.A.1. Order three objects by length; compare the lengths of two objects indirectly by using a third object.
1.MD.A.2. Express the length of an object as a whole number of length units, by laying multiple copies of a shorter object (the length unit) end to end; understand that the length measurement of an object is the number of same-size length units that span it with no gaps or overlaps. Limit to contexts where the object being measured is spanned by a whole number of length units with no gaps or overlaps.
1.MD.B. Tell and write time.
1.MD.B.3. Tell and write time in hours and half-hours using analog and digital clocks.
1.MD.C. Represent and interpret data.
1.MD.C.4. Organize, represent, and interpret data with up to three categories; ask and answer questions about the total number of data points, how many in each category, and how many more or less are in one category than in another.
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2.MD. Grade 2 - Measurement and Data
2.MD.A. Measure and estimate lengths in standard units.
2.MD.A.1. Measure the length of an object by selecting and using appropriate tools such as rulers, yardsticks, meter sticks, and measuring tapes.
2.MD.A.2. Measure the length of an object twice, using length units of different lengths for the two measurements; describe how the two measurements relate to the size of the unit chosen.
2.MD.A.3. Estimate lengths using units of inches, feet, centimeters, and meters.
2.MD.A.4. Measure to determine how much longer one object is than another, expressing the length difference in terms of a standard length unit.
2.MD.B. Relate addition and subtraction to length.
2.MD.B.5. Use addition and subtraction within 100 to solve word problems involving lengths that are given in the same units, e.g., by using drawings (such as drawings of rulers) and equations with a symbol for the unknown number to represent the problem.
2.MD.B.6. Represent whole numbers as lengths from 0 on a number line diagram with equally spaced points corresponding to the numbers 0, 1, 2, …, and represent whole-number sums and differences within 100 on a number line diagram.
2.MD.C. Work with time and money.
2.MD.C.7. Tell and write time from analog and digital clocks to the nearest five minutes, using a.m. and p.m.
2.MD.C.8. Solve word problems involving dollar bills, quarters, dimes, nickels, and pennies, using \$ and $¢$ symbols appropriately. Example: If you have 2 dimes and 3 pennies, how many cents do you have?
2.MD.D. Represent and interpret data.
2.MD.D.9. Generate measurement data by measuring lengths of several objects to the nearest whole unit, or by making repeated measurements of the same object. Show the measurements by making a line plot, where the horizontal scale is marked off in whole-number units.
2.MD.D.10. Draw a picture graph and a bar graph (with single-unit scale) to represent a data set with up to four categories. Solve simple put-together, take-apart, and compare problemsSee Glossary, Table 1. using information presented in a bar graph.
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3.MD. Grade 3 - Measurement and Data
3.MD.A. Solve problems involving measurement and estimation of intervals of time, liquid volumes, and masses of objects.
3.MD.A.1. Tell and write time to the nearest minute and measure time intervals in minutes. Solve word problems involving addition and subtraction of time intervals in minutes, e.g., by representing the problem on a number line diagram.
3.MD.A.2. Measure and estimate liquid volumes and masses of objects using standard units of grams (g), kilograms (kg), and liters (l).Excludes compound units such as $\hbox{cm}^3$ and finding the geometric volume of a container. Add, subtract, multiply, or divide to solve one-step word problems involving masses or volumes that are given in the same units, e.g., by using drawings (such as a beaker with a measurement scale) to represent the problem.Excludes multiplicative comparison problems (problems involving notions of “times as much”); see Glossary, Table 2.
3.MD.B. Represent and interpret data.
3.MD.B.3. Draw a scaled picture graph and a scaled bar graph to represent a data set with several categories. Solve one- and two-step “how many more” and “how many less” problems using information presented in scaled bar graphs. For example, draw a bar graph in which each square in the bar graph might represent 5 pets.
3.MD.B.4. Generate measurement data by measuring lengths using rulers marked with halves and fourths of an inch. Show the data by making a line plot, where the horizontal scale is marked off in appropriate units–-whole numbers, halves, or quarters.
3.MD.C. Geometric measurement: understand concepts of area and relate area to multiplication and to addition.
3.MD.C.5. Recognize area as an attribute of plane figures and understand concepts of area measurement.
3.MD.C.5.a. A square with side length 1 unit, called “a unit square,” is said to have “one square unit” of area, and can be used to measure area.
3.MD.C.5.b. A plane figure which can be covered without gaps or overlaps by $n$ unit squares is said to have an area of $n$ square units.
3.MD.C.6. Measure areas by counting unit squares (square cm, square m, square in, square ft, and improvised units).
3.MD.C.7. Relate area to the operations of multiplication and addition.
3.MD.C.7.a. Find the area of a rectangle with whole-number side lengths by tiling it, and show that the area is the same as would be found by multiplying the side lengths.
3.MD.C.7.b. Multiply side lengths to find areas of rectangles with whole-number side lengths in the context of solving real world and mathematical problems, and represent whole-number products as rectangular areas in mathematical reasoning.
3.MD.C.7.c. Use tiling to show in a concrete case that the area of a rectangle with whole-number side lengths $a$ and $b + c$ is the sum of $a \times b$ and $a \times c$. Use area models to represent the distributive property in mathematical reasoning.
3.MD.C.7.d. Recognize area as additive. Find areas of rectilinear figures by decomposing them into non-overlapping rectangles and adding the areas of the non-overlapping parts, applying this technique to solve real world problems.
3.MD.D. Geometric measurement: recognize perimeter as an attribute of plane figures and distinguish between linear and area measures.
3.MD.D.8. Solve real world and mathematical problems involving perimeters of polygons, including finding the perimeter given the side lengths, finding an unknown side length, and exhibiting rectangles with the same perimeter and different areas or with the same area and different perimeters.
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4.MD. Grade 4 - Measurement and Data
4.MD.A. Solve problems involving measurement and conversion of measurements from a larger unit to a smaller unit.
4.MD.A.1. Know relative sizes of measurement units within one system of units including km, m, cm; kg, g; lb, oz.; l, ml; hr, min, sec. Within a single system of measurement, express measurements in a larger unit in terms of a smaller unit. Record measurement equivalents in a two-column table. For example, know that 1 ft is 12 times as long as 1 in. Express the length of a 4 ft snake as 48 in. Generate a conversion table for feet and inches listing the number pairs $(1, 12)$, $(2, 24)$, $(3, 36)$, …
4.MD.A.2. Use the four operations to solve word problems involving distances, intervals of time, liquid volumes, masses of objects, and money, including problems involving simple fractions or decimals, and problems that require expressing measurements given in a larger unit in terms of a smaller unit. Represent measurement quantities using diagrams such as number line diagrams that feature a measurement scale.
4.MD.A.3. Apply the area and perimeter formulas for rectangles in real world and mathematical problems. For example, find the width of a rectangular room given the area of the flooring and the length, by viewing the area formula as a multiplication equation with an unknown factor.
4.MD.B. Represent and interpret data.
4.MD.B.4. Make a line plot to display a data set of measurements in fractions of a unit $(1/2, 1/4, 1/8)$. Solve problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions by using information presented in line plots. For example, from a line plot find and interpret the difference in length between the longest and shortest specimens in an insect collection.
4.MD.C. Geometric measurement: understand concepts of angle and measure angles.
4.MD.C.5. Recognize angles as geometric shapes that are formed wherever two rays share a common endpoint, and understand concepts of angle measurement:
4.MD.C.5.a. An angle is measured with reference to a circle with its center at the common endpoint of the rays, by considering the fraction of the circular arc between the points where the two rays intersect the circle. An angle that turns through 1/360 of a circle is called a “one-degree angle,” and can be used to measure angles.
4.MD.C.5.b. An angle that turns through $n$ one-degree angles is said to have an angle measure of $n$ degrees.
4.MD.C.6. Measure angles in whole-number degrees using a protractor. Sketch angles of specified measure.
4.MD.C.7. Recognize angle measure as additive. When an angle is decomposed into non-overlapping parts, the angle measure of the whole is the sum of the angle measures of the parts. Solve addition and subtraction problems to find unknown angles on a diagram in real world and mathematical problems, e.g., by using an equation with a symbol for the unknown angle measure.
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