N-VM.B.5. Multiply a vector by a scalar.

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N-VM.B.5.a. Represent scalar multiplication graphically by scaling vectors and possibly reversing their direction; perform scalar multiplication component-wise, e.g., as $c(v_x, v_y) = (cv_x, cv_y)$.

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N-VM.B.5.b. Compute the magnitude of a scalar multiple $c\textbf{v}$ using $||c\textbf{v}|| = |c|v$. Compute the direction of $c\textbf{v}$ knowing that when $|c|{v} \neq 0$, the direction of $c\textbf{v}$ is either along $\textbf{v}$ (for $c > 0$) or against $\textbf{v}$ (for $c < 0$).

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