Probability
• Describe events as subsets of a sample space (the set of outcomes) using characteristics of the outcomes or as unions, intersections, or complements of other subsets (“or,” “and,” “not”) (S-CP.A.1).
• Use the Addition Rule to compute probabilities of compound events in a uniform probability model, and interpret the result in terms of the model (S-CP.B.7).
• In a uniform probability model, understand the probability of A given B as the fraction of B's outcomes that also belong to A (S-CP.B.6).
• Understand the conditional probability of event A given event B as P(A and B)/P(B) (S-CP.A.3).
• Understand that A and B are independent if P(A and B) = P(A) • P(B) (S-CP.A.2).
• Interpret independence of A and B as saying that the probability of A given B is equal to the probability of A, and the probability of B given A is equal to the probability of B, i.e. P(A|B) = P(A) and P(B|A) = P(B) (S-CP.A.5).
• Recognize independence in everyday situations and explain it in everyday language (S-CP.A.5).
• Determine whether events are independent (S-CP.A.2, S-CP.A.4).
• Use data presented in two-way frequency tables to approximate conditional probabilities (S-CP.A.4).
In Grade 7, students encountered theoretical probability in the form of probability models and sample spaces, and experimental probability as in the form of long-run relative frequency. They found probabilities of compound events using lists, tables, tree diagrams, and simulation.
In this unit, the study of probability is extended to the notions of independence and conditional probability. Students learn about conditional probability and independence. Rather than summing probabilities of simple events or using simulations, they calculate probabilities of compound events in terms of probabilities of other compound events or by using frequency tables. The latter builds on work with two-way frequency tables from the One Variable Statistics unit.
Later, in the Making Inferences unit, students draw on their work with probability as well as their work with data in the One Variable Statistics and Bivariate Statistics unit to solve problems.
Sections
A2.6.0
Pre-unit diagnostic assessment
Summary
Assess students’ ability to
• write about probability as a numerical measure of likelihood (7.SP.C.5);
• describe events as subsets of a sample space (S-CP.A.1);
• calculate probability of a compound event in a uniform probability model (S-CP.A.2);
• calculate probability of a compound event when relative frequencies are given (S-CP.A.2).
A2.6.1
Chance
Summary
Recall ideas they’ve already learned about probability and get excited about learning more.
View Full Details
A2.6.2
The Addition Rule
Summary
• Describe events as subsets of a sample space (the set of outcomes) using characteristics of the outcomes or as unions, intersections, or complements of other events (“or”, “and,” “not”) (S-CP.A.1).
• Develop the Addition Rule to compute probabilities of compound events in a uniform probability model (S-CP.B.7).
• Apply the Addition Rule in a uniform probability model and interpret the answer in terms of the model (S-CP.B.7).
A2.6.3
Understanding independence and conditional probability
Summary
• Understand that two events A and B are independent if P(A and B) = P(A) • P(B) (S-CP.A.2).
• Understand the conditional probability of A given B as P(A and B)/P(B) (S-CP.A.3).
• Determine whether pairs of events are independent (S-CP.A.2).
• Find the conditional probability of A given B as the fraction of B’s outcomes that also belong in A (S-CP.B.6).
• Recognize independence in everyday situations and explain it in everyday language (S-CP.A.5).
A2.6.4
Using conditional probability to interpret data
Summary
Revisit two-way frequency tables and use them to approximate conditional probabilities (S-CP.A.4).
View Full Details
A2.6.5
Using conditional probability and independence to interpret data
Summary
Use data presented in two-way frequency tables to approximate conditional probabilities and to decide if events are independent (S-CP.A.4).
View Full Details
A2.6.6
Tying ideas together
Summary
• Interpret two-way frequency tables of data when two categories are associated with each object being classified, using the tables as a sample space in determining conditional probabilities and independence.
• Construct two-way frequency tables, use them to determine probabilities, and interpret these probabilities in the context of the data.
A2.6.7
Summative Assessment
Summary
Assess students’ ability to
• use the rules of probability to solve problems (multiplication and addition rules) (S-CP.A.1, S-CP.A.2, S-CP.B.7);
• use conditional probability to solve problems (S-CP.A.3);
• determine independence of events using the product rule and conditional probability (S-CP.A.4, S-CP.B.6);
• describe solutions to probabilistic situations using everyday language (S-CP.A.5).